竹缠绕复合管环刚度测试试验

测试了竹缠绕复合管母管的环刚度值,与母管承插连接后的环刚度值,以及母管与束节连接后的环刚度值。结果表明：DN 600管承插连接后的环刚度值为承口和插口环刚度值之和的97.3%;DN 600和DN 1 000管束节连接后环刚度值分别为束节和母管环刚度值之和的116%和107%。试验结果可为优化竹缠绕复合管的连接结构提供参考。     

利用环刀法测定土壤水分精度的影响因素

[目的]探讨环刀法测定土壤物理性质准确性的影响因素,为批量土壤物理性质准确测定提供参考。[方法]以不同类型土壤为研究对象,采用环刀法测定持水量特性,对环刀浸泡水位、浸泡时间、置砂时间及滤纸对测定结果的影响进行讨论分析。[结果]水位高于或低于环刀上沿时,土壤均难以达到最大持水量;水位至环刀上沿且浸泡12～14 h后土壤持水量趋于最大;环刀放置在砂上2～2.5 h避免了重力水干扰,毛管水量测定准确稳定,之后环刀持续置砂72～76 h,是测定最小持水量的适宜时段。忽略环刀中滤纸的持水重量会对最大持水量及毛管持水量的测定造成一定偏差,去除其重量有利于提高测定精度。[结论]对现有环刀法测定土壤物理性质的试验条件进行优化改进,降低了误差,检测结果具有代表性及可比性,适用于批量土壤样品的检测分析。     

基于多方法的高海拔城市暴雨强度公式分析

以定量衡量区域降雨规律为目标,推求了林芝市巴宜区城市的暴雨强度公式,收集了1993~2016年共计24年的降雨数据整编资料;采用年最大值法筛选出11个不同降雨历时的暴雨数据并进行水文频率统计分析;选取对数正态分布曲线、耿贝尔分布曲线和P-Ⅲ型分布曲线进行频率适线;采用麦夸特全局优化法、准牛顿全局优化法、模拟退火法、粒子群算法以及遗传算法分别对三种适线结果进行暴雨强度总公式的参数求解。结果表明:耿贝尔分布曲线相对另两种曲线精度最好,五种计算方法对三种曲线结果进行求解得到的暴雨值与实测值误差分析均符合要求。     

Seed dormancy and soil seedbank of the invasive weed Chenopodium hybridum in north‐western China

Seed dormancy and persistence in the soil seedbank play a key role in timing of germination and seedling emergence of weeds; thus, knowledge of these traits is required for effective weed management. We investigated seed dormancy and seed persistence on/in soil of Chenopodium hybridum, an annual invasive weed in north‐western China. Fresh seeds are physiologically dormant. Sulphuric acid scarification, mechanical scarification and cold stratification significantly increased germination percentages, whereas dry storage and treatments with plant growth regulators or nitrate had no effect. Dormancy was alleviated by piercing the seed coat but not the pericarp. Pre‐treatment of seeds collected in 2012 and 2013 with sulphuric acid for 30 min increased germination from 0% to 66% and 62% respectively. Effect of cold stratification on seed germination varied with soil moisture content (MC) and duration of treatment; seeds stratified in soil with 12% MC for 2 months germinated to 39%. Burial duration, burial depth and their interaction had significant effects on seed dormancy and seed viability. Dormancy in fresh seeds was released from October to February, and seeds re‐entered dormancy in April. Seed viability decreased with time for seeds on the soil surface and for those buried at a depth of 5 cm, and 39% and 10%, respectively, were viable after 22 months. Thus, C. hybridum can form at least a short‐lived persistent soil seedbank.     

结构参数对增压器浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响

基于以往对增压器的浮环轴承润滑分析中大都忽略浮环的环速比影响,或将润滑性能和环速比独立分析。该文采用数值分析方法研究了增压器浮环轴承的润滑特性和环速比,分析中考虑了转轴、浮环、轴承座之间的传热因素,基于Reynolds方程和浮环平衡方程,建立了浮环轴承润滑模型,对比分析了浮环内、外层间隙,内、外圆半径4个结构参数对浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响。结果表明,实际设计浮环时,需综合考虑结构参数对浮环润滑特性和环速比的影响及影响程度;浮环内层间隙增加,环速比降低,与内层间隙0.02 mm时相比,转速60 000 r/min时,内层间隙0.04 mm时的环速比减幅达23%,内层间隙增加,内、外膜温度减小,摩擦功耗略有增加,内层间隙0.03 mm时,浮环具有较理想的润滑性能和环速比;外层间隙0.06 mm的环速比均比外层间隙0.04 mm的环速比增加30%以上,外层间隙增加,外膜温度减小,且转速越高,外膜温度减幅越大;浮环内圆半径越小,环速比越小,内、外膜温度和摩擦功耗越小,浮环润滑性能越好;浮环外圆半径增加,环速比降低,但内膜温度、外膜温度、总摩擦功耗和总端泄流量变化幅度均在5%以内,外圆半径对浮环润滑性能影响不显著;浮环实际设计时,调整内圆半径比调整外圆半径对改善浮环润滑性能更有效。     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—USE OF RADIOGRAPHY,COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY,AND ENDOSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION BY AN EXTRA‐LUMINAL TRACHEAL RING PROSTHESIS IN A GOLDEN RETRIEVER

A 6‐year‐old neutered male, Golden retriever presented with regurgitation and excitement‐induced coughing. Two years prior, extra‐thoracic tracheal collapse was diagnosed and extra‐luminal tracheal ring prostheses were placed. Radiographs at presentation showed mineralized and undulant cervical tracheal cartilages. A dorsally broad‐based soft tissue opacity bulged into the caudal cervical tracheal lumen. Esophageal dysmotility and barium accumulation were identified at this level on contrast esophography. Computed tomography showed migration of a prosthetic tracheal ring, resulting in perforation of the esophagus. Hair, foreign material, and dynamic tracheal narrowing were identified on esophagoscopy and tracheoscopy, respectively. Esophagostomy and foreign body removal were performed.     

A long‐term study of burning effects on a plant pathogen in tallgrass prairie

Tallgrass prairie species have evolved with regular exposure to fire. However, burning has been used as a management tool for reducing plant disease in agricultural systems, posing the question of how plant pathogens of tallgrass prairie would be affected by burning. The rust fungus Puccinia dioicae, infecting Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae), was studied for 8 years in long‐term experiments to evaluate the effects of burning in native tallgrass prairie. This experiment also allowed evaluation of the effects of nutrient additions, although E. strigosus was rare in the plots with added nutrients in most years. Burning reduced rust severity in most years, but effects from additions of nutrients were rarely observed. There was high interannual variation in rust severity within a location, suggesting that weather may be the most important of these three abiotic factors in determining infection. An analysis of weather variables associated with disease severity found that solar radiation in the month prior to sampling was associated with severity in unburned plots; temperature approximately 2 months prior to sampling was also associated with severity in burned plots. High interannual variation also suggests that the effects of this pathogen on its host would be sporadic and difficult to study in short‐term experiments.     

Effects of planting soybean in summer fallow on wheat grain yield,total N and Zn in grain and available N and Zn in soil on the Loess Plateau of China

Dryland wheat is the major contributor to wheat production in the world, where water deficiency and poor soil fertility are key factors limiting wheat grain yields and nutrient concentrations. A field experiment was carried out from June 2008 to June 2011 at Shilipu (latitude 35.12°N, longitude 107.45°E and altitude 1200 m above sea level) on the Loess Plateau (a typical dryland) in China, to investigate the effects of rotation with soybean (Glycine max) green manure (GM) on grain yield, total N and total Zn concentrations in subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and on nitrate-N and available Zn in the soil. The benefits of crop rotation with soybean GM on wheat grain yields became more evident with time. In the second and third years, the grain yields of wheat rotated with soybean GM reached 4871 and 5089 kg ha⁻¹ at the 108 kg N ha⁻¹ rate. These yields were 21% and 12% higher than the highest yields of wheat under a fallow-winter wheat (FW) rotation. Rotation with soybean GM reduced the amount of N fertilizer required to obtain wheat grain yields and biomass levels similar to wheat grown in the FW rotation by 20–33%. In the first 2 years, average grain N concentrations over all N rates increased by 6% and 12%, and those of Zn increased by 26% and 14% under the soybean GM-winter wheat (SW) rotation, compared with the FW rotation. The increased grain N and Zn concentrations were found to be related to the increased concentrations of nitrate-N and available Zn in the soil, particularly at the sowing of winter wheat. However, grain N and Zn concentrations were not improved by rotation with soybean GM in the third year. This was attributed to the dilution effect caused by the more grain yield increase than its nutrient export. In conclusion, planting soybean for GM in fallow fields reduced the need for N fertilizer to enhance wheat yields in this dryland region. Change in wheat grain N and Zn concentrations was related to soil nutrient concentrations, and to the balance between increased grain yield and its nutrient export.     

橡胶产业现状与展望——2012年中国橡胶年会综述

对2012年橡胶年会上专家发表的观点进行综合,主要观点有：下游产业对橡胶的需求较为稳定;国内合成橡胶行业集中度高,产能过剩;影响天然橡胶供应的因素主要有种植面积、气候变化、地力、劳动力、政府政策、市场价格,未来几年增产空间小;国内天然橡胶产业由于基础设施投入少、科技转化率较低、政策扶持力度小等原因,未来发展困难多;投机行为对天然橡胶价格波动有重要的作用,轮胎企业应当加强价格风险的防范措施等。     

反季节莲雾叶片养分周年变化规律初探

研究了反季节莲雾叶片养分周年变化规律,结果表明：莲雾开花对叶片N、P、Mg 含量有一定影响,而叶片K、Ca含量受莲雾果实生长发育影响较大;在莲雾幼果期和壮果期喷施叶面肥对于补充叶片Ca、Mg含量有一定效果。并根据不同时期莲雾叶片养分含量的变化提出施肥建议。